theorem iv_biased_without_exclusion {ρ covZX covZε : ℝ}
(hrel : ivRelevance covZX) (hcov : covZε ≠ 0) :
ivEstimator (ρ * covZX + covZε) covZX ≠ ρ := by
simp only [ivEstimator, ivRelevance] at *
rw [add_div, mul_div_cancel_of_imp (fun h => absurd h hrel)]
intro h
have : covZε / covZX = 0 := by linarith
exact hcov ((div_eq_zero_iff.mp this).resolve_right hrel)CES Estimation Theory: Connecting Theory to Data